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![]() ![]() You can now use Microsoft PowerPoint to open the file and edit it as a presentation. Power PDF converts the document to PPT and saves it in your destination. Name your new file and set a save location. Locate the button with the PowerPoint logo, labeled "PowerPoint presentation." Locate the "Home" section on the main navigation ribbon.Using Power PDF, open the document you want to convert.It only takes four steps for users to start converting documents. Power PDF Makes Quick Conversions a Breeze Power PDF includes built-in functionality for accomplishing this important task. ![]()
![]() # ¹zipcode_type, ²major_city, ³post_office_city, ⁴common_city_list, … # bounds_north, bounds_south, and abbreviated variable names # median_household_income, bounds_west, bounds_east , # occupied_housing_units, median_home_value , # land_area_in_sqmi, water_area_in_sqmi, housing_units , # area_code_list, population, population_density , # … with 2,198 more rows, 14 more variables: radius_in_miles , # 10 10007 Standard New Yo… New Yo… New Y… NY 40.7 -74.0 Eastern # 9 10006 Standard New Yo… New Yo… New Y… NY 40.7 -74.0 Eastern # 8 10005 Standard New Yo… New Yo… New Y… NY 40.7 -74.0 Eastern # 7 10004 Standard New Yo… New Yo… New Y… NY 40.7 -74.0 Eastern # 6 10003 Standard New Yo… New Yo… New Y… NY 40.7 -74.0 Eastern # 5 10002 Standard New Yo… New Yo… New Y… NY 40.7 -74.0 Eastern # 4 10001 Standard New Yo… New Yo… New Y… NY 40.8 -74.0 Eastern # 3 06390 PO Box Fisher… Fisher… Suffo… NY 41.3 -72.0 Eastern # 2 00544 Unique Holtsv… Suffo… NY NA NA # 1 00501 Unique Holtsv… Suffo… NY NA NA # zipcode zipcode…¹ major…² post_…³ common_c…⁴ county state lat lng timez…⁵ Let's start by finding all of the ZIP codes in New York: search_state('NY') Getting all ZIP codes for a single state is simple, you only need to pass a two-digit abbreviation of a state's name to get a tibble of all ZIP codes in that state. Let's begin by using zipcodeR to find all ZIP codes within a given state. The columns of data provided are: zipcode, zipcode_type, major_city, post_office_city, common_city_list, county, state, lat, lng, timezone, radius_in_miles, area_code_list, population, population_density, land_area_in_sqmi, water_area_in_sqmi, housing_units, occupied_housing_units, median_home_value, median_household_income, bounds_west, bounds_east, bounds_north, bounds_south Searching for ZIP codes by state You can either keep all 24 variables or filter to just one of these depending on what data you need. The package ships with an offline database containing 24 columns of data for each ZIP code. We'll cover these before showing you how you can implement this package with a real-world example. ![]() Basic search functionsįirst thing's first: zipcodeR's data & basic search functions are a core component of the package. The goal of these examples is to help you quickly get up and running with zipcodeR using real-world examples. This document will introduce the tools provided by zipcodeR for improving your workflow when working with ZIP code-level data. ZipcodeR is an all-in-one toolkit of functions and data for working with ZIP codes in R. ![]() ![]() ![]() The nineteenth-century copyist John Harris (who was an artist by training) worked on numerous First Folios making exact pen copies of original leaves, which are difficult to identify as facsimile. Folger Shakespeare Libary, STC 22273 Fo.1 no.62 4ĭetail showing how carefully a manuscript hand imitated the printed type missing. Publishers of these books used the latest technology available to them with mixed results. At least five reproductions of the First Folio were produced in the nineteenth century. The skills of the ‘sophisticator’ and the intention of the sophistication also played a role.Īs we have seen, missing leaves were often supplied from printed facsimiles. The first one is clearly the physical condition of the Folio and how incomplete it was just before being sophisticated. The amount and quality of sophistication greatly varies from copy to copy. Folio number 36, for example, is made-up from at least five different copies. ![]() 3 Both cases are illustrated in the Folios currently on display: many of them have less than a dozen leaves supplied while a small group of copies are more heavily made-up. Several booksellers appear to have cornered the market on defective First Folios, which they either perfected and then sold at a high price, or used to make-up other copies. The others all had their leaves supplied in printed or manuscript facsimile.īy contrast, leaves missing from elsewhere in the volume were frequently supplied from other copies. This must explain why out of 18 First Folios I examined only three had their missing leaves in either of these two sections of the book supplied from other Folio copies. When taking into account the factors highlighted above, the leaves of First Folios most likely to get loose and most frequently missing (often in tandem) are those in the preliminary section (the title page, the dedications, etc) and in the play Cymbeline, which comes at the end of the book. Finding replacement leaves in other copies of the First Folio became increasingly difficult, since the copies used to sophisticate others often had these leaves missing too. Steevens reported finding crumbs of food in a number of First Folios he examined. In the supplement to his First Folio facsimile including the first census of copies extant, Sidney Lee refers to the eighteenth-century Shakespearean editor George Steevens who attributed the poor state of some First Folio copies to their presence on the dining table of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century country houses, where someone probably read from the book while others were eating, similar to reading practices in certain religious orders. ![]() Such activity could take place in various rooms of the household. In her post last week, Heather Wolfe discussed the practice of reading plays from the First Folio with a group of people. The First Folio was a book that people actively read in the early modern period it was not simply a fixture of decoration. Environment (temperature, humidity, leaking roofs, etc.) and use (frequent turning of pages, opening and closing of the book, etc.) were determining factors in the deterioration of the binding and the text block of these books. By the late 1700s, most surviving First Folios had already ‘suffered’ the vagaries of time. 1 It is, in any case, the reason why all the copies of the First Folio currently on display, like the rest of the First Folio collection at the Folger Library, have been sophisticated.įirst Folios were sophisticated from the late eighteenth century to the beginning of the twentieth century, when collectors had a heightened desire to own a complete or ‘perfect’ First Folio no matter how this perfection was achieved. Missing leaves in a book are the most likely motivation for its sophistication although, other explanations exist. This post will look at their “sophistication.”Ī “sophisticated” or made-up book is a defective book that has been perfected with leaves supplied from other copies, or from a pen or printed facsimile. This week we will continue our discussion of the First Folios currently on display in the Folger Shakespeare Library exhibition, First Folio! Shakespeare’s American Tour. ![]() ![]() ![]() We first construct a company-specific measure of the amount of competition that each incumbent pharmaceutical firm faces through Paragraph IV generic drug entry filings. We utilise detailed data on public pharmaceutical firms and their drug development portfolios from 2005 to 2016 to examine the impact of this legal mechanism on innovation. ![]() How do such agreements affect innovation? These agreements effectively provide a tool through which incumbent firms can reduce the competition that they face. To continue their monopoly over marketed drugs, incumbent pharmaceutical firms regularly enter ‘pay-for-delay’ agreements (also known as ‘reverse payments’) with generic manufacturers that seek to enter the market, whereby the generic firm agrees to delay product launch in exchange for a cash amount. Figure 1 depicts the timeline of this process.įigure 1 The timeline of generic drug entry But after marketing exclusivity expires, other firms may enter the market by launching generic versions of the specific drug (through a process called Paragraph IV filing). In this industry, firms that are first to pass clinical trials and obtain US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for their products enjoy marketing exclusivity for a number of years (typically three to seven years), during which no other firm can directly compete against that drug. This setting also provides data that permit us to explore innovation activity using actual drug clinical trial actions, rather than relying solely on measures of patents, which many have noted may not accurately reflect innovation activity (van Pottelsberghe de la Potterie and de Rassenfosse (2008), Freilich (2019)). We do so in the setting of the pharmaceutical industry – an important sector in the economy that focuses on developing innovative products through its research and development (R&D) investments. In our study, we shed light on a legal mechanism through which innovative firms may maintain their market power, and its ramifications for innovation and policies that seek to increase innovation through competition (Li et al. Legal mechanisms to maintain market power in the pharmaceutical industry As a result, understanding the interaction between these forces is crucial for determining the effect of policies aimed at increasing innovation by changing the degree of competition in a market. While measures such as limiting competition through greater patent protection may encourage more innovation by firms seeking to reap monopoly profits, incumbent firms with existing products under such protection may not feel the need to innovate further if they can already rely on guaranteed revenues. Lo and Thakor (2015), Thakor and Lo (forthcoming)).īut the relationship between competition and innovation is not clear-cut (Aghion et al. Hall (2018)) to laws and regulations aimed at increasing the number of innovative firms through increased competition (e.g. These policy tools have ranged from providing protections to firms that successfully innovate through patent protection (e.g. To increase innovation incentives, policymakers have used changes to the level of competition as a key tool. ![]() Innovation has long been viewed as a critical driver of economic growth. ![]() ![]() ![]() Today, modern highways, such as Interstate 80 and Interstate 84, follow parts of the same course westward and pass through towns originally established to serve those using the Oregon Trail. Use of the trail declined after the first transcontinental railroad was completed in 1869, making the trip west substantially faster, cheaper, and safer. The eastern half of the trail was also used by travelers on the California Trail (from 1843), Mormon Trail (from 1847), and Bozeman Trail (from 1863) before turning off to their separate destinations. From various starting points in Iowa, Missouri, or Nebraska Territory, the routes converged along the lower Platte River Valley near Fort Kearny, Nebraska Territory, and led to fertile farmlands west of the Rocky Mountains.įrom the early to mid-1830s (and particularly through the years 1846–1869) the Oregon Trail and its many offshoots were used by about 400,000 settlers, farmers, miners, ranchers, and business owners and their families. Wagon trails were cleared increasingly farther west and eventually reached all the way to the Willamette Valley in Oregon, at which point what came to be called the Oregon Trail was complete, even as almost annual improvements were made in the form of bridges, cutoffs, ferries, and roads, which made the trip faster and safer. ![]() By 1836, when the first migrant wagon train was organized in Independence, Missouri, a wagon trail had been cleared to Fort Hall, Idaho. The Oregon Trail was laid by fur traders and trappers from about 1811 to 1840 and was only passable on foot or on horseback. The western half of the trail spanned most of the current states of Idaho and Oregon. The eastern part of the Oregon Trail spanned part of what is now the state of Kansas and nearly all of what are now the states of Nebraska and Wyoming. The Oregon Trail was a 2,170-mile (3,490 km) east–west, large-wheeled wagon route and emigrant trail in the United States that connected the Missouri River to valleys in Oregon. Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, Wyoming, Idaho, Washington, Oregonġ830s by mountain men of fur trade, widely publicized by 1843 Map from The Ox Team, or the Old Oregon Trail 1852–1906, by Ezra Meeker ![]() ![]() ![]() New York-based BioLite is well known for their innovative wood-burning stoves, but their camping lantern collection is arguably just as well executed. What we don’t: Expensive and could be a little more user-friendly. What we like: Excellent combination of output, light modes, and tech features. Best String Lights for Camping: MPOWERD Luci Solar String Lights + Chargerīest Overall Camping Lantern 1. ![]() ![]() Best Ultralight and Compact Lantern: Goal Zero Lighthouse Micro Flash.Best All-in-One Lantern and Device Charger: LuminAID PackLite Max 2-in-1.Best Budget Camping Lantern: Black Diamond Moji.Best Overall Camping Lantern: BioLite AlpenGlow 500.Below are our favorite options on the market in 2023, including a detailed comparison table and buying advice below the picks to help you choose the best lantern for your camping adventures. Plus, there are still some gas-powered holdouts available for cold-weather outings. Designs range from simple and collapsible models to tech-heavy offerings with strong outputs and Bluetooth compatibility. Nowadays, the market is flush with modern options that combine impressive brightness alongside fun features like multicolor lighting modes, USB ports for powering your electronics, and even solar panels for recharging your lamp in the field. Camping lanterns have come a long way since their inception. ![]() ![]() ![]() Gold’s January 1929 column “Go Left, Young Writers” began the “ proletarian literature” movement, one spurred by the emergence of writers with true working-class credentials. When Gold and Freeman gained full control by 1928 the “ Stalinist/ Trotskyist” division began in earnest. There was, however, eventual transformation: the editorial shift from a magazine of the radical left, with its numerous competing points of view, gave way to a bastion of Marxist conformity. Hoffman describes “among the fifty-six writers and artists connected in some way with the early issues of the New Masses, Freeman reports, only two were members of the Communist Party, and less than a dozen were fellow travelers”. The magazine adopted a loosely leftist position at its onset, and Frederick J. One of the foremost periodicals of this renaissance was New Masses. ![]() ![]() Infused with an oppositional mentality, this cultural front was a rich period in American history and is what Michael Denning calls a “Second American Renaissance” because it permanently transformed American modernism and mass culture. The vast production of left-wing popular art of the 1930s and 1940s was an attempt to create a radical culture in conflict with mass culture. Lewis, Jack Conroy, Grace Lumpkin, Jan Matulka, Ruth McKenney, Maxwell Bodenheim, Meridel LeSueur, Josephine Herbst, Jacob Burck, Tillie Olsen, Stanley Burnshaw, Louis Zukofsky, George Oppen, Crockett Johnson, Wanda Gág, Albert Halper, Hyman Warsager, and Aaron Copland. More importantly, it also circulated works by avowedly leftist, even “ proletarian” (working-class) artists: Kenneth Fearing, H.H. Many contributors are now considered distinguished, even canonical authors/writers, artists, and musical composers: William Carlos Williams, Theodore Dreiser, John Dos Passos, Upton Sinclair, Richard Wright, Ralph Ellison, Dorothy Parker, Dorothy Day, John Breecher, Langston Hughes, Eugene O'Neill, Rex Stout and Ernest Hemingway. Sloan, Max Eastman, Mike Gold, as well as Joseph Freeman, Granville Hicks (starting in 1934), Walt Carmon, and James Rorty. The editorial staff of New Masses included The Masses alumni Hugo Gellert, John F. The name of the new magazine was a tip of the hat to The Masses (1911–1917), forerunner of both publications. The magazine was established to fill a void caused by the gradual transition of The Workers Monthly (successor to The Liberator) into a more theoretically-oriented publication. New Masses was launched in New York City in 1926 as part of the Workers (Communist) Party of America's publishing stable, produced by a communist leadership but making use of the work of an array of independent writers and artists. ![]() The magazine has been called “the principal organ of the American cultural left from 1926 onwards." History Early years With the coming of the Great Depression in 1929 America became more receptive to ideas from the political Left and New Masses became highly influential in intellectual circles. New Masses was later merged into Masses & Mainstream (1948–1963). New Masses (1926–1948) was an American Marxist magazine closely associated with the Communist Party USA. Michael Gold, Walt Carmon, Whittaker Chambers, Joseph Freeman, Granville Hicks New Masses cover by Hugo Gellert, May 1926 ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() Share and collaborate on PDFs with othersĢ.Search for specific text within a PDF document.Create bookmarks and navigate through documents with ease.Fill out and sign PDF forms electronically.Annotate and comment on PDFs using a range of tools.Its complex features may not be suitable for users who prefer a lightweight PDF reader.Some features, like advanced editing and form creation, are only available in the paid version.The free version includes ads and promotional content.It can be relatively resource-intensive, slowing down older or less powerful devices.Its navigation options and search functionality make locating specific information within a document accessible.It integrates with other Adobe applications, like Photoshop and Illustrator, to provide a seamless workflow.It has a wide range of annotation tools that simplify adding comments and notes to PDF documents.It’s available for free, which makes it accessible to everyone.It’s widely recognized and used, making it easy to share and collaborate on PDF documents with others.The tool has many features for highlighting, underlining, adding comments and notes, and drawing shapes.Īnother practical side of Adobe Acrobat Reader DC is its navigation options like bookmarks, page thumbnails, and search functionality that help you find specific information within a document in seconds. It allows users to view, print, and annotate PDF documents. Adobe Acrobat Reader DC – popular PDF reading softwareĪdobe Acrobat Reader DC is a popular PDF reading software developed by Adobe Systems. To help you choose between a sea of tools available on the internet, we’ve made this list of the best free PDF markup software. Whether you’re making notes to help memorize some content or are leaving comments to suggest edits, this tool is a convenient helper. And they are great for everyone, including students, business professionals, and anyone working in academia. ![]() These tools typically provide a range of features that allow you to draw shapes, highlight text, add notes, and create bookmarks. With markup software, you can annotate, highlight, and comment on any PDF document. Luckily, PDF markup tools are true life savers in this situation. How often did you want to highlight or leave notes on a text without having to print it? But as soon as you realized it was a PDF document, you knew it wouldn’t be easy. Best practice for marking up PDF documents.MuPDF – lightweight, open-source software library Skim – free PDF reader and markup tool for macOS Okular – free open-source PDF reader for Linux Nitro Reader – collaborative PDF reader and editor software Sumatra PDF – free open-source PDF viewer for Windows Firefox – popular free web browser with PDF markup tools Foxit Reader – intuitive PDF reader with a range of markup and annotation tools Qigga – PDF markup tool and a supply chain management platform PDFescape – free online PDF editor and form filler Filestage – best PDF review and approval platform Adobe Acrobat Reader DC – popular PDF reading software ![]() ![]() Non-discriminatory terms and conditions for the sale, rental, financing, or insuring of a dwelling and ![]() Reasonable accommodations in rules, practices and procedures for persons with disabilities No discrimination in the financing, appraising, or insuring of housing ![]() No discriminatory limitations on communities or locations of housing The opportunity to consider a broad range of housing choices Housing in your price range made available to you without discrimination You have the right to expect that housing will be available to you without discrimination or other limitations based on race, color, religion, sex, handicap, familial status, or national origin. Under the law, a home seller or landlord cannot establish discriminatory terms or conditions in the purchase or rental deny that housing is available, or advertise that the property is available only to persons of a certain race, color, religion, sex, handicap, familial status, or national origin. You cannot instruct the licensed broker or salesperson acting as your agent to convey for you any limitations in the sale or rental because the real estate professional is also bound by law not to discriminate. The home seller, the home seeker, and the real estate professional all have rights and responsibilities under the law.Īs a home seller or landlord you have a responsibility and a requirement under the law not to discriminate in the sale, rental and financing of property on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, handicap, familial status, or national origin. State and local laws often provide broader coverage and prohibit discrimination based on additional classes not covered by federal law. The Equal Credit Opportunity Act makes discrimination unlawful with respect to any aspect of a credit application on the basis of race, color, religion, national origin, sex, marital status, age or because all or part of the applicant's income derives from any public assistance program. Title III of the Americans with Disabilities Act prohibits discrimination against persons with disabilities in places of public accommodations and commercial facilities. The law makes illegal any discrimination in the sale, lease or rental of housing, or making housing otherwise unavailable, because of race, color, religion, sex, handicap, familial status, or national origin. ![]() The Fair Housing Act declares a national policy of fair housing throughout the United States. The Civil Rights Act of 1866 prohibits all racial discrimination in the sale or rental of property. It is more than the simple purchase of housing, for it directly impacts the hopes, dreams, aspirations, and economic destiny of those involved.? It is for this reason that the Fair Housing Act and other federal and state laws were enacted to guarantee a right to a national housing market free from discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, handicap, familial status, and national origin. The sale and purchase of a home is one of the most significant events that an individual will experience in their lifetime. WHAT EVERYONE SHOULD KNOW ABOUT EQUAL OPPORTUNITY IN HOUSING ![]() |
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